Cultivation Giude for Soft-Pod Snow Pea Variety Series
1, Requirement of Circumstance and Conditions
1.1, Temperature
The sow peas belong to the crops which are
hemi-resistant to cold. They are more resistant to cold, but not to heat, and
are fond of climate which is cold and moist. The starting temperature for
sprouting is low, 1-2 degree centigrade for round seeds and 3-5 degree
centigrade for wrinkled seeds. But the sprouting will be slow in low
temperature. After imbibition of water, the seeds will germinate in 4-6 days
under the temperature of 15-18 degree centigrade, and the germinating rate can
reach more than 90%. When the temperature is higher than 25 degree, the
sprouting time will be shortened by 3-5 days, but the germinating rate will reduces
to be about 80%. When the temperature reaches up to 30 degree, the sprouting
rate will reduces to below 80%, and the seeds will go rotten easily. The lowest
temperature for germination is 8 degree. The snow peas have strongly adaptable
to low temperature in the seedling stage, and it is the strongest when the
seedlings grow out 5 pieces of compound leaves, to 5-6 degree below zero, even
7-8 degree for some varieties. Along with the growth of compound leaves, the
cold resistance will weaken gradually. The suitable temperature for growing
period is about 12-20 degree. The plant will be frosted when the temperature is
1 degree below zero. The suitable temperature is about 15-18 degree for
blossom, and 18-20 degree for maturity stage. When the temperature is above 26
degree, the factors of high temperature, droughty, strong wind or raining
weather, will cause failure in the development of flower organ. The result is
that, the fertilization rate will be reduced, the podding quantity will be
less, the dropping of flower and number of abnormal pods will increase, and the
damage by disease will be serious, causing low quality and yield. If run into
low temperature in zero degree, it will reduce the number of blossom, but the
flower blossomed usually can bear pod.
1.2, Illumination
The snow pea belongs to the long-day crops.
The blossom of most varieties will be advanced when the illumination time is
prolonged, and be delayed when the illumination time is shortened. Therefore,
it is fond of light in podding stage, and requires stronger illumination and
long time of day length, and should avoid high temperature. Under the
conditions of long day length and low temperature at the same time, the differentiation node of flower bud will be lower,
with more branches. Therefore, when cultivated in Spring, if the sowing time is
late, the blossom node will be high and the yield be reduced. But for early
maturity variety, it is not sensitive to the time of day length, so it can
blossom and podding even when cultivated in Autumn. The differentiation of
flower bud will be promoted and the bearing period will be shortened under
long-day and low temperature. Therefore, when the variety is introduced from
south to north, the blossom and podding will be advanced. For normal variety,
it requires strong illumination and long time of day length in podding period.
The short illumination will weaken the growth of plant and reduce quantity of
podding. The varieties in occident do not require the time of day length
strictly. For reverse-season cultivation with protection facility, pay
attention to choose suitable varieties.
1.3, Moisture
The snow pea is fond of moisture. It requires
moist soil humidity and air in the whole growing period, and is not endurant to
drought and waterlogging. For the sprouting of seeds, it has to absorb 1-1.5
times of moisture than the weight of seed. When the moisture of soil is not
enough, the germination will be delayed and hardly become trim, but too nuch
moisture will easily leads to rotten seed. In seedling stage, it is endurant to
drought in some extent, which is very beneficial for development of root. If
the humidity is too high, it will easily causes root rot and powdery mildew
diseases. The proper relative air humidity is 60%-90% in
blossom period. If the air is droughty, the quantity of blossom will be reduced
and easily causes dropping of flower and pod. When the relative air humididy is
bellow 55% and the absolute water content of soil is
lower than 9.7%, it will easily causes dropping of bud and flower. If meeting
with high temperature and droughty weather in growing period of pod, the fibre
will hardens in advance and the pod will matures too early, which will reduce
quality and yield. Therefore in the whole growing period, the supppy of water
should be adequate so as to ensure quality and yield. The snow pea is not
endurant to waterlogging, if the moisture is too much, it will causes rotten
seeds after sowing, rotten root in seedling stage and diseases in growing
period.
1.4, Soil and Nutrient
The snow pea has strong adaptability to soil,
and the most suitable soil is sandy loam or loam which has well ventilation and
is in neutrality
or subacidity( PH value is
from 6-7.2). This kind of soil will be conducive not only to germination, but
also to the growth of root system and rhizobium. When the PH value is lower than
5.5, it easily causes disease and reduce podding rate. Supply lime to adjust
the PH value. The secretion of root will impact the growth of root system and
rhizobium in the following year, so it is fear of continuous cropping.
Athough the snow pea has root
nuble for fixing nitrogen, the nitrogen fixation power is week in seedling
stage when the root nuble is forming, the nitrogen fertilizer should be
supplied, also in blossom and podding period when the growth is vigorous, so as
to promote the growth of the plant. The snow pea also needs more phosphate and
potash fertilizer. Whe the phosphate fertilizer is not enough, the branches in
base node of main stem will be reduced and not grow good, even causes wilting
and death. The potash fertilizer can improve the concentration of cell sap,
which will enhances cold-tolerance and may promote the sunthesis of protein and
thickenning of grain. Generally the requirement of nitrogen, phosphate and
potash for growth and development is in the ratio of 4:2:1. In addition, the
pea pods is sensitive to boron and molybdenum, which can promote the formation
and growth of rhizobia, and play a role in improving the ability of nitrogen
fixation. Therefore, attention should be paid in the selection and use of
fertilizers in cultivation, in order to facilitate to increase production and
quality.
2, Cultivation Season and Selection of Variety
For Sping, it is sown in middle Feb.
generally, and harvested and enter market from middle May. For Autumn, it is
sown in middle Aug., and harvested and sold to market from middle Oct. It is
suggested to choose varieties such as Improved Soft-Pod No. 11 Snow Pea, Holand
Short-Grow Soft-Pod Snow Pea, France Short-Grow Soft-Pod Snow Pea, and so on.
3, Preparation of Field and Supply of Base Manure
As the development of taproot of snow pea is
early and fast, the field should be prepared carefully and finely, and the base
manure should be supplied adequately. For Spring sowing in north areas, as the
sowing time is earlier, the fild should be prepared and the manured in Autumn
in last year. For each acre, supply 18000-30000kg of quality farmyard manure,
300kg of calcium superphosphate, 90kg of ammonium nitrate, and
300kg of wood ash or 90-120kg of potassium chloride, mix evenly and then
manure. Plough the field in 20-25cm depth and then level off to make ridge. In
north areas, cultivate on fat ridge in Spring, with width of ridge in 160-200cm
for vine-growing variety and 100-150cm for short-growing one. For other season,
it is suitable to cultivate on high ridge, so as to prevent the accumilation of
water on ridge surface in rainy season.
4, Sowing
4.1, Seed quantity
The seed quantity per acre is about 48-60kg
for short-growing variety, and 30-48kg for vine-growing one. the adjustment of
seed quantity should according to the kernel weight.
4.2, Planting Distance
Dig ditch before sowing and supply adequate base water. For short-growing
variett, dig ditch in 30-45cm of linewidth and sow in raw. For vine-growing
variety, dig ditch in 80-100cm of linewidth and sow in hole which is in 10cm of
planting distance, each hole with 2-3 grains of seeds and two raws per ridge,
then cover with 3-4cm thick soil.
5, Field Management
5.1, Cultivation
After the trim germination of seedling,
cultivate in time to increase earth temperature and maintain soil moisture, and
to promote the activity of soil microorganism and to control the spreading of weed.
From seedling stage to vine-speading stage, cultivate for 2-3 times. If for
irrigation, loosen soild in time when the soil surface becomes dry, to prevent
soil from hardening.
5.2, Building Shelf and Leading Vine
For vine-growing snow pea, it starts
spreading vines when the seelding is about 20-30cm high, the shelf should be
built in time for to leaf vines onto shelf artificially. Use thin string to bind vines, to make it ventilated
and illuminated, in order to conducive to blossom and podding. Generally take
off top when the chief vine outgrows 4-5 nodes, and when the side vine outgrows
2-3 nodes, to promote the germination of side vine, in order to increase flower
quantity and podding rate.
5.3, Management of Fertilizer and Water
When sown in Spring, as the earth temperature
is low, it is not suitable to irrigate before germinatin and in seedling stage,
so as to promote the development of root system. Irrigate slightly when meet
with droughty weather. In blossom period, irrigate properly to prevent drought
or high moisture from causing dropping of flower and pod. When the pod comes
into the expanding period, water should be supplied adequate, but not to make
accumulated water in field, and drain in time after heavy rain. The snow pea
will get rotten root and early ageing when get waterlogging.
If ther is not quick effective nitrogen
fertilizer in base manure, supply 90kg of ammonium nitrate per acre. along with cultivation. If the
supply of base manure is light, or the phenomenon of fertilizer-lossing appears in late delveloping period,
top dressing in vine-spreading and podding period. In vine-spreading period,
supply about 90kg of urea per acre. Supply 180kg of compound fertilizer per
acre, or spray microelement fertilizer on leaf surface, such as 0.2%
monopotassium phosphate, 0.1% borax, or 0.02% ammonium molybdate, 180-270kg of
fertilizer liquid per acre, spray 2-3 times totally. This will increase the
quality and yield of pod.
When come to blossom acme, spray 30×106 of PCPA for control of dropping of flower and
pod.
6, Control of Disease and Insect Pest
6.1, Control of Disease
The disease can attack leaf, stem and pod,
mainly by leaf. The disease spot on front side of leaf is in lighe-yellow color
at first, and then spreads gradualy to be irregular white powder spot. And the
back side of the spot is in brown or purple-brown color. The surface of the
disease part is coverd by white powder. the leaf and stem will yellow and the
tender stem will dry-shrink when the serious. In late period, the cleistothecium will outgrows from the layer of white powder, in
yellow color at first and then turn into black dot. This disease usually
appears in blossom and podding period, maily from leaf in low layer and then
spread upwards. The occurance and prevalence of this disease have much
relations to climate and the resistibility of variety. Warm daytime and cold
night, rainy and humid environment are more conducive to the disease, but in
droughty weather, the disease can still outbreak seriously.
Control method.
A, Select disease-resistant variety accoring
to circumstance.
B, Seed disinfection. Dress seed by 70% thiophanate methyl WP in the 0.3% weight of seeds.
Or use 50% carbendazim
and 75% chlorothalonil WP to mix evenly in the ratio of 1:1, and dress in the
0.3% weight of seeds, then seal up for 2-3 days before sowing.
C, Agricultural control. Avoid planting in
low-lying wet land; rotated with non-legume crops; proper close planting to
make ventilation and illumination in field; attention to drainage to reduce
field humidity; supply adequate base manure, adding potash fertilizer in order
to enhance plant resistance to disease; clear away residual body of disease in field
D, Chemical control. In the early stages, spray
2000 ~ 3000 times of 25% triadimefon WP, 1000 times of 50% carbendazim WP, or
1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, once in every 10-15 days, continue for
2-3 times. It can also by broadcasting a copy of sulfur powder mixed with 3
copies of lime powder on leaf. Or spray 0.3 baume degree of lime-sulfur on leaf; Or spray 500 times of 50%
thiophanate-methyl WP added with 200 times of polysulfide, once in 7-10 days, continue for 2-3 times. Good
effect can be achieved.
The disease primarily damages roots or
rhizomes. The leaves in bottom layer of the disease plant become yellow first,
and it develops upwards to cause yellow and wilting of the whole plant. The
main and side root become black, and the vascular bundle become brown or red-brown
when cut longitudinally. If the disease is serious, the base root will becomes
shringking or hollow
and brown, with rotten cortex in disease part, to make dwarf plants. The leaf
will be small in light-green color, the pods will be less with small beans, and
the yield will be lower. Serious disease will causes a large number of dead
after flowering, resulting in a full-brown fields, and even no crops. The
disease can occurs throughout the growing period, but more likely to infect in
flowering period. The bacteria is soil-borne, spreading via soil, residual body
of disease, or seed. The proper attacking temperature is 24-33 degree celsius.
Drought years and continuous cropping field will lead to serious disease.
Control methods.
Irrigate root by 3000 times of 95% hymexazol
No. 1 WP, 600 times of 80% hymexazol No. 2 WP, or 500 times of 20% of Thiodiazole-copper SC. dixon dixon
6.2, Control of Pest
6.2.1, Leafminer
The damage characteristics of leaf miner in
pea pods are as follow. The larva sneak into and damage leaf flesh, and bores
through leaf for eating leaf flesh. In the leaf surface, winding snake-like
tunnels can be seen. The leaf epidermis turns into gray white color after been
eaten. It can cause wilt of leaf in whole plant. This pest occurs mainly within
the period of flowering and podding, yield and quality will be impact greatly
when it occurs serioudly.
Control method.
①
Eradication
of insect source. As the egg, larvae and pupa states are all spent in leaf,
using the redual body as feed or compost after harvest will wipe out abundant
of redual pests. The population of the next generation can be reduced by clear
away the weed in and around field
② Use of natural enemies. Take full
advantage of natural enemies to control the leaf miner populations. In the
great occurrence season for natural enemies, avoid use of chemical pesticides
or choose to use pesticides as far as possible in order to protect natural
enemies in field. One of the enemies for larvae is eulophid, and for pupa is Asobara tabida.
③ Chemical control. When the larvae
become visible, it is the best time for the first chemical control. After that,
spray once in 7-10 days. 1000 times of 50% phoxim EC, or 1000 times of 40% (abamectin+dichlorvos) EC can be used. It can also spray
attractant in
the eclosion acme of wintering imago to achieve good effect. The specific method is as follow.
Spot spray 10-20 plant in every 11 sq.m. of field. The preparation of
attractant is that, use cook liquid using potato leaves or carrot as bait, add
with 0.05% trichlorfon as poison. Spray once in every 3-5 days, totally for 5-6
times. To seize control time in spawning period and hatching period will
achieve the best control effect.
6.2.2, Soybean stem borer
This pest occurs seriously along the coast in
Fujian province, and spread to mountainous areas. It damage many kinds of
leguminous crops, and the generations overlap. The larvae bores into stem for
damage, eating into core and xylem. When the larvae is mature, it bit an in the
stem wall to bite an eclosion hole on the stem wall and
then pupate. The bottom leaves of disease plant turn yellow and the disease
develop upwards. In severe cases, the stem becomes hollow and the leaf
shedding, the plant will wilts gradually due to disruption of water and
nutrients. When the damage occurs in seedling stage, the organic nutrients will
accumulates because of the disruption of delivery of nutrients, which will
stimulate cell proliferation, resulting in the intumescence of
root and stem and cracking sometimes. The dwarf plants is easily attacked by
root rot disease because of the week growing potential and many wounds. If the
disease occurs in late period, it will easily causes early dropping of flower,
pod and leaf, and reducing in yield. Because the overall appearance of disease
symptoms of plant in early affected period, it is hard illegible for farmer.
This often leads to medication errors, missing the optimum control period,
resulting in reducing yield, and even no crops.
Control methods. Prevention and control
should be the focus on seedling stage. Root-irrigation or spray by 2000 times
of 1.8% avermectin EC, or 1000 times of 48% chlorpyrifos EC for control.
6.2.3, Aphid
The damage is by absorbing leaves juice and
spreading the virus.
Control methods.
①Agricultural control. Strengthen
field management and prevention of drought.
②Use of natural enemies. Natural
enemies of aphids include syrphus fly and ladybird
③Use of tropism to yellow color. Make use of the tropism for
yellow color, coat engine oil or pesticide powder on a yellow board to attract and kill
aphid.
④Chemical control. Spray 2500 times
of 50% pirimicarb WP for control.
6.2.4, Liriomyza sativae
It is mainly by larva and female imago which
damage the sweet and crisp leaf, also to fruit. The larvae eats the palisade
tissue inside leaves, reserving the white epidermis. The insect road widens and
lengthens gradually, making the leaf to become mottled, even to wither and fall
off. When the imago damages, it punctures the leaf epidermis and lick juice,
leaving many white cicatrice on leaf surface, and destroying mesophyll cells and chlorophyll, which
will reduce leaf photosynthesis. At the same time, because there is a wound on
leaf, the leaf will be invadeded by bacteria easily, resulting in disease
incidence and prevalence. When the worm damages fruit, it will leave white spot
and insect road on fruit skin. The amount of of worms in back leaf is less.
Control methods
①Prevention mainly and
comprehensive management. It is mainly by the prevention and control of
protected areas in Winter and Spring, to reduce the insect source in open
field, and timely eradication of adult and newly hatched larvae. At the same
time, make use of the high temperature in Summer to seal shed or low
temperature in Winter to freez shed, to effectively reduce the insect
population base.
②Enhancing fertilizer and water
management. As far as possible, supply less nitrogen fertilizer and more
organic fertilizer. In pupation acme, water and plough deep properly, to create
unsuitable circumstance for eclosion.
③Use of natural enemies for biological
control. First, make use of parasitic enemies to live mainly at the larval stage. Many
kinds of parasitic wasp which mainly belong to eulophidae should be protected
greatly. Second, make use of predators, such as Orius minutus, thrip, etc. to eliminate pests
④Use of tropism to yellow color. Use the waste plastic
bottles which is painted with yellow paint to kill the adult.
⑤Chemical control. The common used
agents include confidor, abamectin, etc, with good control effect. The
medication time is from 8-11 am, and after 3 pm, with 5-7 days of plastochrone. Spray mainly on the middle and upper leaves
on front side.
7, Harvest
The snow pea belongs to the fruit vegetables which are sold in tender pod, which make it important to master the
degree of maturity in picking. If harvest too late, the sugar in pod will
reduces and the starch and fiber increases, the crisp and sweet flavor will go
bad; if harvest too early, although pods is crisp, the yield will be reduced.
Timely harvest when the pod grows to maximum in size and thicken, the bean is
going to develop, and the appearance of pod just illustrating shape of beans.
In this way, it will not reduce yield and also not impact the growth of young
pod. Generally, for soft pods varieties, it is better to harvest earlier, about
10 days after blossom. The harvest of pods is in the morning generally. Pick
the pods carefully, and retain 0.5cm of pedicle. Pack pods by bamboo basket or
plastic box after grading, and sold to market in time.
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